UnitEight

=﻿[Chapters ThirtyOne-ThirtyThree]=

John F. Kennedy - Video Notes

 * Inspired hope and a better tomorrow.
 * 35th President - Democrat
 * Was only president for three years.
 * Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald
 * Known to have affairs.
 * Had many diseases.
 * Approved the "bay of pigs" which was a battle that turned into a disaster.
 * Okayed the training of the CIA
 * Cuban Missile Crisis
 * Soviet Union --> placing bases in Cuba that would have nuclear missiles and pointing them at the U.S.
 * Caused chaos in America - paranoia.
 * Instead of going into a nuclear war, the leaders negotiated:
 * Soviets remove the missiles
 * Won't point them at U.S.
 * U.S. remove the missiles from Asia
 * Won't point them at the U.S.S.R.
 * Won't fight with Castro to get him out of power --> Leave Cuba alone.
 * Was not a war hawk --> Did not push for military action.
 * Kennedy approved the assassinated of the president of South Vietnam
 * Really pushed for the idea of bettering the country - Started the Peace Corps where people volunteer to help others.

Lyndon B. Johnson - Video Notes

 * 36th President - Democrat
 * Grew up in poverty.
 * Johnson Treatment
 * Would get into people's faces in order to get his way.
 * Did not know whether it was a friendly gesture or a way to get his way.
 * Used his height to overpower people.
 * "Great Society" -- The government was doing more to help the people.
 * Was successful in many ways.
 * Medicare, food stamps, etc.
 * Cut the population of people in poverty in half.
 * Many people were sent to the Vietnam War.
 * Protestors in front of the White House --> Anti-war --> Wanted the troops to come back.
 * Domestically --> Seen as a great president --> Did a lot of things to help the people.
 * Internationally --> Vietnam War = failure.

The Vietnam War

 * U.S. had many bases in South Vietnam
 * Also had bases in Thailand
 * Ho Chi Minh Trail traveled through Laos to supply the North Vietnamese in South Vietnam.
 * U.S. and South Vietnam 1970 --> Launched an attack on Cambodia

Vietnam War Timeline

 * ** 1945 ** - ** Help from America **
 * France was struggling to regain control of Vietnam where the forces led by communist nationalist Ho Chi Minh were fighting against it. The Vietnamese nationalist forces asked for American assistance to help them become an independent nation. America ignored their requests and instead helped the French who were one of their strongest and most valuable Cold World allies.
 * ** 1950-1954 ** - ** American Assistance **
 * America was supporting the French in their fighting against the nationalists in Vietnam; they were paying for a majority of the war.
 * ** 1954 ** - ** Refusing to Fight **[[image:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_tBqi5ja-dgs/S80FdIL1C-I/AAAAAAAAC2w/Cq0C5tbo8v8/s1600/ike_diem.jpg width="300" height="233" align="right"]]
 * The French were rapidly losing the war and desperately needed American troops to intervene in order to restore their hopes of winning back control of Vietnam. However, Eisenhower did not support the intervention of American troops at Dien Bien Phu and the French defense collapsed.
 * **July 1954 ** - **Geneva Conference **
 * International conference to settle disputes over Korea as well as to discuss the Vietnam war. Agreed on the immediate cease-fire in Vietnam; Vietnam would be split in half temporarily with Vietminh in control of North Vietnam and a pro-western regime in control of South Vietnam -- there will be an election in 1956 to "reunite the entire nation".
 * **1961 - 1966 ** - **Increasing American Assistance **
 * Americans were started to take a more active role in the fighting going on in Vietnam -- in 1961 there were only 14 dead American soldiers but in 1966, that number increased to over 4,000 soldiers.
 * **January 31st, 1968 ** -** The Tet Offensive ** [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/TetMap.jpg/300px-TetMap.jpg align="right"]]
 * Communist forces attacked several American bases in South Vietnam and some South Vietnamese cities fell to Communist control while other cities were damaged -- the U.S. was able to get the North Vietnamese out of South Vietnam -- caused the North Vietnamese to suffer a lot of casualties and they were therefore weakened.
 * **March 1968** - ** My Lai Massacre **
 * 300+ unarmed South Vietnamese citizens were killed
 * ** 1969 - 1972 ** - ** "Vietnamization" **
 * American's idea of training South Vietnamese soldiers to take the place of American soldiers in the fighting in Vietnam. By doing this, more South Vietnamese soldiers would be engaged in the fighting of the war and the U.S. would be able to move some of its soldiers out of there.
 * ** March 1972 ** - ** Easter Offensive **
 * One of the largest offensive battles -- American and South Vietnamese forces came together to stop communist from spreading further into South Vietnam which was a major success and was clear to everyone that the South Vietnamese soldiers themselves would have been successful even without the help of the American troops.
 * ** December 17th - December 30th 1972 ** - ** "Christmas Bombing" **
 * This was a series of air raids by the U.S on several important Vietnamese cities - the North Vietnamese responded by shooting down 15 American B-52s.
 * ** January 27th, 1973 ** - ** Paris Accords **
 * An agreement made between the U.S. and the North Vietnamese -[[image:turningpoints:usnp003.jpg align="right"]] called for an immediate cease-fire, the releasing of American prisoners of the war, and the allowing of North Vietnamese soldiers to in the south to be allowed to stay there.
 * ** 1974 ** - ** The Paris Accords Fail **
 * Battles continue in Vietnam despite the conditions of the Paris Accords - there were more deaths in this year for the Vietnamese forces than there were for the U.S. in their entire 10 years in the war - South Vietnam requested help from the U.S. but the U.S. Congress refused to continue funding the supporting of the South Vietnamese in the war.
 * ** April 1975 ** - ** Fall of Saigon (End of the War) **
 * Communist forces marched into the capital of Saigon where the Thieu regime and the staff of the American embassy had fled the country and renamed the city Ho Chi Minh City. The North Vietnamese began to reunite Vietnam as a communist natioin under the ruler of Hanoi.

Chapter Thirty-Two -- The Crisis of Authority

 * More Civil Rights Movements
 * Rebellion
 * "Cultural revolution"
 * Challenging tradition and authority.
 * President Nixon
 * Watergate Scandal
 * Only president who has ever resigned.
 * Youth Culture
 * The younger population is beginning to have more of a say in things and begin more things rather than just accepting them.
 * Forming their own organizations --> Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
 * New Left -- People were critical of politics and their society.
 * Rock 'n' Roll music = having a bigger influence.
 * "Hippies" - group of youth openly rejected values of middle-class society.
 * Minority groups began to demand for more rights.
 * Indian Civil Rights Movement
 * Gay Liberation Movement
 * The Environment
 * Earth Day

[[image:http://reason.com/assets/mc/mwelch/2010_03/free_speech_movement.jpg width="419" height="297" align="right"]]The New Left (Liberals - Pushing for Change)

 * The New Left consised of people who had hopes of creating a new society and government structure where people were more tolerant of the minorities.
 * More freedom, opportunity, rights, etc.
 * Included a lot of college students and those of a younger generation.
 * Constantly critizing the current government
 * Not many communist but believed in Marxist beliefs.
 * Supported rights for minorities.
 * Questioning the social injustice for the minorities (mostly blacks)
 * Challenging authority
 * Government
 * School administration
 * Free Speech Movement gave students the right to participate in political activities on school campus (1964 - University of California - Berkeley)
 * Parents

[[image:http://theimages.co.cc/data/others/hippies-in-1960s.jpg width="295" height="277" align="right"]]The Counterculture

 * The lifestyle for the youth generation was changing and they were challenging the traditional values that were set for the middle class and their conformity.
 * Hippies
 * Critized those of the middle class
 * Wore flamboyant clothing
 * Drugs, drinking, smoking marijauana.
 * Haight-Ashbury
 * Neighborhood in San Franscisco fill with hippies
 * Rock 'n' Roll
 * Becoming more popular
 * About political/social unrest that was happening.
 * Rights
 * Equality for all races

Topic Outline
24: The 1950s a) Emergence of the modern civil rights movement b) The affluent society and "the other America" c) Consensus and conformity: suburbia and middle-class America d) Social critics, nonconformists, and cultural rebels e) Impact of changes in science, technology, and medicine

__Since 1960__ 25: The Turbulent 1960s a) From the New Frontier to the Great Society b) Expanding movements for civil rights c) Cold War confrontations: Asia, Latin America, and Europe d) Beginning of Détente e) The antiwar movement and the counterculture

26: Politics and Economics at the End of the Twentieth Century a) The election of 1968 and the "Silent Majority" b) Nixon's challenges: Vietnam, China, Watergate c) Changes in the American economy: the energy crisis, deindustrialization, and the service economy d) The New Right and the Reagan revolution e) End of the Cold War

27: Society and Culture at the End of the Twentieth Century a) Demographic changes: surge of immigration after 1965, Sunbelt migration, and the graying of America b) Revolutions in biotechnology, mass communication, and computers c) Politics in a multicultural society

28: The United States in the Post-Cold War World a) Globalization and the American economy b) Unilateralism vs. multilateralism in foreign policy c) Domestic and foreign terrorism d) Environmental issues in a global context

What are women's issues?

 * Voting rights/Suffrage
 * Sexism
 * Unequal opportunities
 * Working conditions
 * Less pay
 * "Equal pay for equal work"
 * Equal opportunity for promotion
 * Limited education opportunities
 * Limited opportunity in the military
 * Professionalism - - did not have as many opportunities as men at joining a profession.
 * Right to have an abortion
 * "Cult of Domesticity"
 * Expectations for women/housewives
 * Stay at home -- not working.
 * Homefront During Wartime.
 * Political opportunities to hold office
 * Economic rights
 * Land ownership
 * Inheritance
 * Business ownership
 * Loans
 * Divorce
 * Alimony
 * Prenups
 * Domestic violence
 * Sexual abuse

Major Changes/Developments in the 1960s - 1970s

 * Feminine Mystique
 * Fighting a conforming suburban housewife life
 * Abortion Rights
 * Equal Pay Act of 1963
 * 1964 - Amendment 7 = Protected women from discrimination
 * Publicly addressed sexual discrimination.
 * Increased ahtletic/sports program for women.
 * Increased number of political success
 * More women held office.

Feminism - A belief/movement for identifying and securing the rights of women -- A push for rights and opportunities in social, political, and economic aspects for women.

Women's Liberation - Freedom from constraints of society (social norms) for women. Freedom to make their own choice -- establish their own independence.

Abortion - **Roe V. Wade** -- "Right to privacy"
 * Pro-Life
 * Fertilization = life = cannot take away a life without a trial, etc.
 * Life cannot be taken without due process of law.
 * Pro-Choice
 * Mother should have a choice as to what they want to do with their own bodies.
 * Does not have a stable life-style -- not ready to support a child.
 * Do not want to go through pregnancy -- never intended too.
 * Heath reasons/risks
 * After the first trimester, the fetus has become so intertwined with the mother = mother would have risks if they try to abort babies after 3 months = would put the state on a liability issue.

Top Ten Key Terms/Concepts for Chapter 32
**New Left** - American college/university students (both male and female), children of radical parents, those who were in the Old Left, social critics-- challenging the political system – supported rights for minorities

**Hippies** - Young Americans – long hair, shabby/flamboyant clothing, rebellious disdain for traditional speech/decorum.

**Counterculture** - The younger generation was pushing for equality among minorities and were critiziing the conformity of the middle class.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**American Indian Movement** - 1968 - American Indian Movement – gained a lot of support from those Indians who lived in urban areas – soon established a significant presence on reservations.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**The Feminine Mystique** - 1963 – book published by Betty Friedan – many women who had graduated with her at Smith College were house wives living in the suburbs but were not content – was not able to use their intelligence/talent/education – living the life of the Postwar American society dream – conforming.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**Fall of Saigon** - April 1975 -- communists marched into the capital of Saigon and renamed it Ho Chi Minh City -- Thieu regime & stuff of American embassy had fled the country; Began to reunite Vietnam together as a communist nation under Hanoi.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**Roe v. Wade** - 1973 – Invalidated laws that prohibited abortion during the first three months of pregnancy because the constitution does not have the right to violate peoples’ “right to privacy”.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**Baker v. Carr** - Made it mandatory for state legislatures to proportion all electoral votes so that each vote by every citizen would be weighted the same instead of differentiated it according to whether they lived in urban areas of rural areas.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**Deindustrialization** - Across the nation, thousands of factories shut down which caused millions of industrial workers to become unemployed – new opportunities were opening in other fields such as technology, but they were not really qualified to work there – do not know anything about it.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">**Watergate Scandal/U.S. v. Richard Nixon** - On Jun 12th, 1972 5 men broke into Watergate office in the offices of the Democratic National Committee -- 2 more were arrested for supervising it – all used to work for the Committee for Re-Election of the President – were acting on orders and were paid by members of the white house staff who were members of the reelection committee. Nixon was going to be charged with many charges and possibly impeached, but instead he resigned.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Nixon - was obsessed with power.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Triangular Diplomacy
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Brought "peace with honor" with Vietnam.
 * Watergate Scandal -- 2 years
 * Insisted that he was not a "crook"
 * After 14 months -- Congress was going to impeach Nixon but before they could vote, Nixon resigned from presidency.
 * Brillian Strategist.
 * Only president who resigned.
 * General Ford became president.
 * Pardoned Nixon controversially.

Gerald R. Ford

 * Half of his time -- dealing with Nixon's Watergate Scandal.
 * Gave a pardon to Nixon.
 * Wanted to help aid the South Vietnamese
 * Congress would not agree.
 * Saigon fell to the Communists.
 * Wanted to leave the U.S. better than it was when he became president.

Domestic Affairs

 * Ford pardons Nixon -- his popularity decreases.
 * High Interest Rates -- rose over 20%
 * The New Right - The elites, neo-conservatives, and populists.
 * Sagebrush Rebellion - Westerners wanted the government to open up the lands and complained about the environmental laws.
 * Inflation
 * Rise in National Debt - 907 billion to 3+ trillion.
 * Recession in 1990 (Bush's presidency)
 * "Reaganomics" - Reagan's plans to help the economy recover
 * Reduced taxes - income taxes, corporate taxes because it "slowed growth" in the economy.
 * Business growth - Investors can invest in new businesses, putting more money into the economy - more jobs available.
 * Makes America more populal
 * Cut federal spending
 * Increased debts
 * Welfare benefits cuts.
 * Deregulation
 * Less strict on environmental laws -- encouraged lands to be developed on.
 * Removed constraints so that the economy has better chances to grow.
 * Supply-side Economics
 * Focusing more on the businesses and supplies.
 * "Trickle-Down" Economics - if you favor the supply side, things will trickle down to the other classes, middle&lower. -- everyone benefits.

International Affairs

 * Iranian Revolution
 * Camp David Accords - Treaty negotiated by Carter between Iran and Carter.
 * SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) - Defense mechanism
 * SALT II - Agreement to not use force to resolve differences.
 * Reagan Doctrine - Agreed to support other countries that were fighting against communism.
 * First Gulf War
 * End of Cold War - Collapse of communist government in Soviet Union.

Ronald Reagan - Video Notes

 * Oldest president
 * Well-liked, but had no close friends.
 * Kept calm/humorous even after he was almost assassinated.
 * Iran-Contra affair -- claimed that the president was involved in selling weapons illegally to Iran
 * "Government is not the solution, it is the problem"
 * Economic Plan - "Reaganomics"
 * Not thinking about the future
 * Increasing military budgets, etc.
 * Won the cold war.
 * Berlin wall was teared down.
 * Reagan -- given a lot of credit for this.
 * SDI -- people in America did not take Reagan's idea seriously but the Soviets did.
 * Known as the president to revive conservatism.