TopicOutline

= Mona Cheng Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings, 1492 - 1690 =

a) First European contacts with American Indians

 * Christopher Columbus "discovered" the Americas when searching for a faster route to India 1492
 * Conquistadors - Spanish land conquerers of the Aztecs, the Mayans, and the Incas for money.
 * Their diseases killed a lot of the natives such as smallpox.
 * Spanish began to force the Natives' conversion into Catholicism.
 * Took lands away from Natives as well as their riches.

b) Spain's empire in North America

 * 1570s - Ordinances of Discovery
 * Brutal conquests of lands were prohibited.
 * Other Spanish citizens began to move to the U.S. for the economy -- wanted to make a profit in the agricultural business.
 * First permanent settlement - Spanish fort at St. Augustine, Florida in 1565
 * By the end of the 1500s it included
 * Caribbean Islands
 * Coastal areas of South America
 * Extends west to Mexico and southern North America
 * Spread southward and westward in South America to Chile, Argentina, and Peru.

c) French colonization of Canada

 * First permanent settlement --> Quebec in 1608
 * Did not have a very large population at first.
 * French Catholics did not want to leave France.
 * French Protestants were not included in the emigration to Canada.
 * French Jesuit Missionaries formed close ties to the Native Americans unlike the English.
 * //Coureurs de bois//
 * "Adventurous fur traders and trappers"
 * French involvement with the Native Americans allowed for them to compete with the British in establishing control over the new lands.

d) English settlement of New England, the Mid-Atlantic region, and the South

 * ===[[file:Colonies Info Chart.doc]]===

e) From servitude to slavery in the Chesapeake region

 * 17th Century -- 3/4s of the Chesapeake region were indentured servants.
 * Indentured Servants
 * Usually only served 4-5 years.
 * Received food, shelter and a trip the the colonies.
 * 1/4 of the total population of indentured servants were women.
 * Some became servants to escape problems in England or in hopes of establishing lands after their term was over.
 * The more servants a person had, the more land grants they received.
 * Convicts from England were usually shipped to America to be sold and become servants.
 * Increased want for slavery
 * Instability of the indentured system.
 * Landowners wanted to keep all their profits to themselves.
 * Development/establishment of more plantations.
 * Need for more laborers
 * Importing of slaves from Africa/Europe.

f) Religious diversity in the American colonies

 * Catholicism
 * Roman Catholics
 * Anti-Catholicism
 * Protestants
 * Calvinism
 * Anglicanism
 * Quakers

g) Resistance to colonial authority:

 * ** Bacon's Rebellion (1676) **
 * Nathaniel Bacon
 * Part of the governor's council in Virginia
 * Disliked governor of Virginia - Sir William Berkeley - he did not allow Bacon to have a part in the Indian fur trade and excluded him from things in the governor's council.
 * Significance
 * Showed how Europeans were not fair towards the Natives.
 * Tensions between the Europeans and the Natives.
 * Instability in colonies.
 * Showed how the Natives were standing up for their rights to their lands.
 * What happened
 * Doeg Indians -- killed a white servant living a western plantation -- were angry about Europeans invading their lands.
 * Berkeley did not really do much about it -- wanted to keep good relations with the Natives.
 * Bacon took it into his own hands and formed his own "army" to fight against the Indians.
 * Bacon died before he was able to take over Virginia
 * Berkeley took back control.
 * ** The Glorious Revolution (1688) **
 * King James II of England was overthrown
 * Fled to France
 * William and Mary (Daughter of James II) became co-rulers of England
 * Led to the overthrowing of Sir Edmund Andros -- governor in charge of Boston who was despised by the people there.
 * He escaped, was caught, and was then imprisoned by an angry mob.
 * Dominion of New England was ended
 * ** The Pueblo Revolt (1680) **
 * Led by Pope, an Indian religious leader
 * Caused by the Spanish priests trying to convert everyone to Catholicism and suppress Indian rituals.
 * Hundreds of Europeans died.
 * Captured Santa Fe
 * Managed to run the Spanish out.
 * Managed to run the Spanish out.