UnitThree

= ﻿ ﻿Unit Three [ Chapter Eleven - Chapter Fifteen ]=

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The area shaded in the map to the left is the same size as a 19th century 1,000 acre slave plantation in Alamaba if it were to be in present day Malden, Massachusetts. Here, hundreds of slaves would work on the tobacco, sugar, and/or cotton crops that their slaveowners chose to grow under harsh conditions. The map helped to give the people of Malden, Massachusetts a better idea of what 1,000 acres look like because we are familiar with the area of Malden. Although it does not cover the entire city of Malden, it still does cover a significant portion of it and provides us with an idea of exactly how many slaves worked on the plantation day affter day, rain or shine.



The map to the left represents how the land was divided up along the Mississippi River. The green and yellow parts of the map help to show how the land was divided into several "long lots" for farmers. In order to provide as many people as possible with land along the Mississippi, the land was split into uneven semi-rectangular pieces of lands. Locations near the Mississippi were in high demand because of the rich soil that they would get from it. It was also in high demand because of the easy access to the River which is what they used to transport their goods from thier plantation to other places.

__ Slavery __
The picture above shows the increase in number of slaves every twenty years from 1820 to 1860. Within just 40 years, the whole area was basically covered with slaves. According to the maps above, there were multiple places/states that had 90+ slaves per square mile, which is a lot. This could have been caused by the increase of textile mills in the Northeastern areas which led to the increase of cotton production in the south which increased the demand for slaves needed in order to satisfy the high demands.

__ Cotton Production __


The picture to the left demonstrates how cotton production has expanded in less than 60 years. At the start of the 19th century, there was minimal cotton production at all. The only states where the production of cotton was taking place was in North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, and Georgia. However, by the mid-19th century, there was cotton production practically everywhere in the southern states. This was caused by the increase of textile mills in the northeastern states as well as in Britain. Because the number of textile mills increased, there was a higher demand for cotton for the textile mills which is why many farmers started to go in the cotton production business which made a lot of money for the farmers.

Southern Social Structure
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Chapter Twelve Preview

Antebellum Culture and Reform; Antebellum meeans Prewar. - Almost always referring to 30-40 years before the Civil War. (1820 - 1860)
 * 1834 - Abolitonists v. Anti-Abolitionists
 * 1842 - Supreme Court Case Prigg v. Pennsylvania
 * Reform Movements of Education, Prisons, Temperence (Alcohol), Medicine/Health, Utopia, Indian Reservations
 * 1848 - Rise of Feminism - Women's rights.
 * Frederick Douglass -- Important Leader of the Abolitionists
 * Literature, Paintings
 * Transcendetalists - Writers/philosophers.
 * Cultural Changes
 * 1840 - Liberty Party Forms

The Temperence Movement
Temperance - To restrain, moderate, to avoid exess, don't get too worked up about something. Prohition - Outlawing alcohol; Elimiting the making/selling/consuming of alcohol.

Pros of Alcohol Consumption
 * Temporarily problem-less
 * Feel happy
 * Can be beneficial to health - reduces the risk of some health conditions such as strokes, stomach ulcers, etc.
 * Temporarily releases stress

Cons of Alcohol Consumption
 * Can get drunk and hurt people either physically or verbally.
 * Cause problems withinin families.
 * Become an alcoholic
 * Harms the liver
 * Poor Judgement
 * Intoxication
 * Death
 * Hangovers
 * Alcohol Poisoning
 * Loss of friends.



Temperance Movement Picture/Analysis
Although it were the men who were consuming the alcoholic beverages, it was their family who were suffering because of it. Fathers, brothers, and husbands would go out and consume too much alcohol and as a result, they end up doing things that ruins their family such as getting either physically or verbally violent to their children and wives even though they are not the ones at fault. If the temperance movement passes, the men's childrens as well as wives would feel more at ease around them rather than waiting and dreading the father/husband coming home because they do not know whether or not he would have drank too much. Most of the men do not know when to stop drinking. Once they start drinking, they do not seem to know how to stop. They start drinking to a point where they do not know what they are doing and they do not realize that they are harming themselves as well as the people around them. Alcohol might relieve them of stress for a while, but they will still have to face the problem sooner or later.

Reform Era
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Chapter Thirteen Maps
Page 340 - Expanding Settlement, 1810 - 1850

Before 1810, the majority of the land was basically just the thirteen colonies which lived in when they were still being ruled by Britain. From 1810-1830, they began to expand westward into other lands but it was still in the eastern part of the country, slowly heading into the middle of the country. Though, there were also some settlements in present day Texas, and Califonia. From 1830-1850 the expansion of settlement in the country was slowly inching its way into the west. By 1850, the United States owned all the land in the present day U.S. though there were still many lands that were left unsettled in by communities in the west, in present day Florida, and in present day Maine. Though people were previously afraid of western expansion, people seemed to be adjusting to the idea and slowly began to start settling in western lands.

Page 345 - Western Trails in 1860

In the 1860s, there were many trails that helped people to move from place to place across the country. Most of these trails led to California though some did lead to toher places such as the Oregon Trail that led to Oregon. Some of the western trails were the Oregon Trail, the California Trail, the Butterfield Overland Trail, the Mormon Trail, the Emigrant Trail, the Santa Fe Trail, etc. All of the trails were hundreds of miles long which shows how much people were actually traveling from one location to another and trading between the states. Due to Manifest Destiny, people were also eager to travael west and settle in new lands. Although people mostly traveled from the northern states into California, people also traveled into northern states, though it was less frequent. The majority of trails led to California. Some major cities that the trails ran through was Las Vegas, Albuquerque, San Antonio, Dodge City, Fort Boise, etc.

Page 347 - The Oregon Boundary, 1846

Although the Americans claimed lands from Oregon extending into Canda, there were disputes because Britain also claimed to have ownership of lands from Canada extending into Oregon. The 1846 treaty line was made between the British and the Americans to get the boundary between Canada and the U.S. set at the 49th parallel which still exists today. The United States was becoming more delegated and is able to work well with other countries, making compromises with Britain which is a long way from how hostile they were towards each other after the American Revolution.

Page 354 - Slave and Free Territories Under the Compromise of 1850

In the 1850s, the United States expanded all the way to the west and began to establish new states. California was one state that applied for statehood which caused a stir in the country because of the question about whether it would be a slave state or a free state. In the compromise of 1850, California was allowed to enter the union as a free state and the idea of popular sovereignty was given to the Utah and New Mexico Territories to allow them to decide their own status regarding whether they would allow slavery or not in their lands. Civil war seems inevitable since there is such a clear cut between the slave states and the free states. They were both very different from each other - sectionalism was rising and they were not being united as a whole country. The United States was expanding from east to west but then jumped to making California a state after the gold rush and because it was closer to the Pacific Ocean. Civilizations tend to develop near water and California's whole west coast bordered the Pacific Ocean which made it a high priority land to acquire.

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How were geography and geographic locations extremely important during the Civil War?
New Orleans - The fact that the Union was able to capture the city of New Orleans was important because it was basically the south's central trading center. Capturing it would mean cutting off New Orleans from at least some of their outside interactions meaning they would not be able to get some of the supplies they might need.

Mississippi River - The Union army blockaded the Mississippi River where the southerners would have access to the Mississippi River for food as well as transportation. By blockading the river, the already inadequate and scarce transportation available to the southerners were even more limited.

The Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico borders many southern states which caused the south to become reliant on the goods being shipped in from other countries - therefore, because they were so reliant on imported goods, the north were able to block the ports and stop them from getting imports they might need.

Perspectives on the Civil War and Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln - The purpose of the Civil War is to keep the union together and keep it from separating and therefore it was a success. He thought the reconstruction was a good idea, as long as it was a quick way to readmit the southern states into the Union.

Andrew Johnson - Wanted to restore the south to the way it was before the war where blacks were still inferior to the whites who had all the power.

Radical Republicans - The people who were in support of the Confederacy need to be punished, should not be readmitted automatically. States should have to meet certain requirements in order to be readmitted. Wanted to protect the rights of the freed blacks as well as destroy the image of white supremacy in the south.

Conservative Republicans - The only real important requirement for the re-admittance of the southern states is the agreement to abolish slavery. Any other requirements can be discussed / are not definite requirements.

Southern Planters - Civil War = disappointment; they had to abolish slavery and their creation of a new nation was no acknowledged. African Americans were given citizenship, much to the resentment of the southern planters. Wanted the ways to be restored back to the way it was before the war, but that was not possible.

Carpetbaggers - Overall, the war was a success and reconstruction will allow for businesses to become established in the south.

Scalawags - Overall, the war was a disappointment and failure.

Lincoln Video

 * Taught himself techniques and strategies for war by researching it from books and other resources at the library.
 * DId not live in the White House for his entire presidency; only 3/4 of it. 1/4 - lived in another house he used as a summer home.
 * 24,000 injured/killed/missing in the Battle of Shiloh.
 * Wants to abolish slavery in the rebellious states - a step to eventually end slavery in the entire country. Slaves were helping the southern war effort, so he is allowed to do something about it to reduce the strength of the rebellion.
 * He has the power to do so because it would weaken the rebellion of the states - Especially since he is the commander in chief of the army.
 * 1st photographed war - Civil War
 * Lincoln - had to run for reelection during the Civil War in 1864; ONLY election where Confederate states did not take part of th election - Only the Union. Ran against one of his former Generals, McClellan, who promised to negotiate with the southerners; Lincoln won the election.
 * Capturing Atlanta and other major Union victories led to Lincoln's victory in his reelection.
 * 1865 - Lee's part of the Confederate army was surrendered to Grant.
 * Lincoln changed his point of view - began to believe that everyone regardless of their race has the right to an American dream; to have equal opportunities/rights.
 * 1865 - Was assassinated at a theater

Andrew Johnson

 * Was going to be killed, but did not because the person who was going to do it chickened out.
 * Since Lincoln died, hecame the 17th president of the United States - Democrat. - Was not ELECTED into presidency - caused problems from the people who did not view him as a real president.
 * Only senator of a seceding state that stayed with the Union.
 * Lincoln put Johnson as Vice President because it would get him more votes and Johnson was loyal to the country.
 * Was a racist president - believed the blacks should "go back to the plantations" and leave the whites alone.
 * Came up with his own reconstruction plans.
 * Emancipated slaves were not having their rights being protected by others.
 * Congress would pass laws that Johnson would then veto - happenever over and over again 29 times.
 * Thought he fixed/planned the reconstruction but Congress came back and veto'ed it.
 * During this time, there were no limits to the number of terms a president can be elected - Modern - maximum of 2 terms.
 * Overruled Johnson's vetoes 15 times.
 * Tenure of Office Act - President can not unappoint office holders without having Congress' consent.
 * Tried to impeach him
 * Did not have any real strong reason for impeachment;
 * Johnson was not kicked out of office because impeachment trial lost by ONE vote.

Ulysses S. Grant

 * Youngest man to be elected president.
 * 1st President to win without the majority of white votes.
 * Blacks were able to vote.
 * Appointed people he were related to or knew into office && they often abused their power.
 * Ku Klux Klan - were using violence, threats, intimidation to seek revenge on the blacks. Killed/murdered many of them.
 * Crushed the Ku Klux Klan
 * 1872 - Southern lands were peaceful.
 * His subordinates were corrupt and Grant did not seem to be aware of it going on;
 * 1872 - Reelected.